Independent spanning trees, often realised as completely independent spanning trees (CISTs), form a foundational concept in network design and routing. They consist of multiple spanning trees ...

Complex networks represent interconnected systems found in fields ranging from sociology to biology and technological infrastructures. A critical aspect of analysing such networks is the study of ...

An algorithm that runs in network bridges and switches to prevent loops, in which packets keep going around in circles. In a small network with one or two switches, the spanning tree protocol (STP) ...